Infant and Child Development and the Problem of Physical (Corporal) Punishment

Posted on August 21, 2009 by Paul C. Holinger | | |

It is difficult to imagine anything more important than understanding infant and child development.  One could make the case that understanding the internal psychological world of human beings allows us to improve as a global family—and the foundation of that process involves increasing the knowledge of infant and child development.

It has become fashionable of late to trash the “parenting market” — that is, the books and magazines and TV shows which deal with parenting.  Yet, much of this “parenting market” is a response to well-intentioned parents who are trying their best with their children to prevent problems and enhance potential.  And, in fact, much progress has been made, with sophisticated explorations of the inner world of children and adults beginning in the early 1900’s via psychoanalysis and child psychoanalysis.  The pioneers writing for the lay public back then had their hands full: they were struggling just to get parents to stop threatening their children with castration and to understand that masturbation did not cause serious mental illness!

So, progress is being made, and part of the purpose of the last few articles has been to show how much better we understand feelings (motivations) and the actions (behaviors) which result.  Many people have contributed to these advances; a few of them are noted here, with some names being more familiar than others: Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Klein, Piaget, Spitz, Winnicott, Mahler, Fraiberg, Tomkins, and Stern.

But, of course, there is still progress to be made, and this ushers in the discussion of physical (corporal) punishment.  Physical punishment is a major public health problem in the United States, and it is still underemphasized and largely unaddressed.

Physical punishment will be discussed in detail in the next article, but a few introductory comments might be made here.  Physical punishment is associated with an increase in delinquency, antisocial behavior, and aggression in children, and a decrease in the quality of the parent-child relationship, mental health, and the child’s capacity to internalize socially acceptable behaviors; adults who have been subject to physical punishment as children are more likely to abuse their own child or spouse and to manifest criminal behavior (see the Readings below).  Internationally, there is increasing consensus that physical punishment of children violates international human rights law.

The American Academy of Pediatrics concludes: “Corporal punishment is of limited effectiveness and has potentially deleterious side effects.  The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents be encouraged and assisted in the development of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior.”  A marvelous recent report summarizing the research in this area has been written by Elizabeth Gershoff, Ph.D., and is titled Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children (see Readings below).  It can be accessed through the Center for Effective Discipline (www.StopHitting.org).

Readings

American Academy of Pediatrics – Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health (1998).  Guidance for Effective Discipline.  Pediatrics 101: 723-728.

Fraiberg S, Adelson E, and Shapiro V (1975).  Ghosts in the nursery: A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships.  Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 14 (1975): 387-421.

Gershoff ET (2008).  Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children.  Columbus OH: Center for Effective Discipline.

Gershoff ET (2002).  Physical punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review.  Psychological Bulletin 128: 539-579.

If you enjoyed this post, make sure you subscribe to my RSS feed!

How to Help Your Child Build Self-Esteem

Posted on January 12, 2009 by Paul C. Holinger | | |

Focusing Appropriate Attention on the Child. Babies thrive when they feel they are of genuine interest to you and are the center of your universe. They use their nine signals to express their entire range of emotions. When a baby cries, or fusses, or coos, she expects you to react with as much enthusiasm or distress as she does about what is happening to her.

What parents sometimes forget is that to babies those reactions of distress are proportional to the situation as the baby perceives it. Not being able to get a hold of a ball that rolled into a corner is terrible! And your baby wants you to pay attention to him when he announces it in no uncertain terms. He finds himself incapable of righting the situation himself — no matter what he does, he’ll never be able to reach the ball. Talk about frustration! So he asks for your help in the only way he can — by making a scene. If that doesn’t elicit your sympathy and attention, if you don’t respond and help your baby out of his distress, he will begin to think that his problems don’t really matter, how he feels doesn’t count. Instead , if you take the opportunity to pay attention, validating and confirming his feelings and perceptions, you will help your child become confident.

Provide Reward and Praise. Along with paying attention, reward and praise from you are essential to a child’s self-esteem. You must never forget how much your child wants to be like you and also to be liked by you. Kids need to hear that you approve of them and think they are wonderful. They long to see the “gleam in your eye” that signals love and approval. You can’t assume they know how you feel. They don’t. They need to be told, over and over and over. In the long run, reward and praise tend to be better and healthier motivators than fear and shame. Of course, whenever you’re dealing with behavior, it is also important to explain to the child the pros and cons, the reasons and rationales, for whatever issue is at stake.

Offer Protection. If a child perceives the world as threatening or dangerous, it is almost impossible for her to feel brave and strong, to know that she can make her way through it successfully. But when you respond to your child’s negative signals of distress and anger by allowing expression of the signals and then removing the triggers, you have begun to give her the tools to deal with the world. When it comes to feeling confident, nothing helps a helpless baby like knowing she can depend on you to shield her from danger and distress.

If you enjoyed this post, make sure you subscribe to my RSS feed!